Current File : /home/bdmcricketindia.in/public_html/wp-includes/js/backbone.js
//     Backbone.js 1.6.0

//     (c) 2010-2024 Jeremy Ashkenas and DocumentCloud
//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
//     For all details and documentation:
//     http://backbonejs.org

(function(factory) {

  // Establish the root object, `window` (`self`) in the browser, or `global` on the server.
  // We use `self` instead of `window` for `WebWorker` support.
  var root = typeof self == 'object' && self.self === self && self ||
            typeof global == 'object' && global.global === global && global;

  // Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment. Start with AMD.
  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
    define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function(_, $, exports) {
      // Export global even in AMD case in case this script is loaded with
      // others that may still expect a global Backbone.
      root.Backbone = factory(root, exports, _, $);
    });

  // Next for Node.js or CommonJS. jQuery may not be needed as a module.
  } else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
    var _ = require('underscore'), $;
    try { $ = require('jquery'); } catch (e) {}
    factory(root, exports, _, $);

  // Finally, as a browser global.
  } else {
    root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$);
  }

})(function(root, Backbone, _, $) {

  // Initial Setup
  // -------------

  // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
  // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
  var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;

  // Create a local reference to a common array method we'll want to use later.
  var slice = Array.prototype.slice;

  // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
  Backbone.VERSION = '1.6.0';

  // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns
  // the `$` variable.
  Backbone.$ = $;

  // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
  // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
  Backbone.noConflict = function() {
    root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
    return this;
  };

  // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
  // will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
  // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
  Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;

  // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
  // `application/json` requests ... this will encode the body as
  // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
  // form param named `model`.
  Backbone.emulateJSON = false;

  // Backbone.Events
  // ---------------

  // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
  // a custom event channel. You may bind a callback to an event with `on` or
  // remove with `off`; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
  // succession.
  //
  //     var object = {};
  //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
  //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
  //     object.trigger('expand');
  //
  var Events = Backbone.Events = {};

  // Regular expression used to split event strings.
  var eventSplitter = /\s+/;

  // A private global variable to share between listeners and listenees.
  var _listening;

  // Iterates over the standard `event, callback` (as well as the fancy multiple
  // space-separated events `"change blur", callback` and jQuery-style event
  // maps `{event: callback}`).
  var eventsApi = function(iteratee, events, name, callback, opts) {
    var i = 0, names;
    if (name && typeof name === 'object') {
      // Handle event maps.
      if (callback !== void 0 && 'context' in opts && opts.context === void 0) opts.context = callback;
      for (names = _.keys(name); i < names.length ; i++) {
        events = eventsApi(iteratee, events, names[i], name[names[i]], opts);
      }
    } else if (name && eventSplitter.test(name)) {
      // Handle space-separated event names by delegating them individually.
      for (names = name.split(eventSplitter); i < names.length; i++) {
        events = iteratee(events, names[i], callback, opts);
      }
    } else {
      // Finally, standard events.
      events = iteratee(events, name, callback, opts);
    }
    return events;
  };

  // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
  // the callback to all events fired.
  Events.on = function(name, callback, context) {
    this._events = eventsApi(onApi, this._events || {}, name, callback, {
      context: context,
      ctx: this,
      listening: _listening
    });

    if (_listening) {
      var listeners = this._listeners || (this._listeners = {});
      listeners[_listening.id] = _listening;
      // Allow the listening to use a counter, instead of tracking
      // callbacks for library interop
      _listening.interop = false;
    }

    return this;
  };

  // Inversion-of-control versions of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
  // an event in another object... keeping track of what it's listening to
  // for easier unbinding later.
  Events.listenTo = function(obj, name, callback) {
    if (!obj) return this;
    var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
    var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {});
    var listening = _listening = listeningTo[id];

    // This object is not listening to any other events on `obj` yet.
    // Setup the necessary references to track the listening callbacks.
    if (!listening) {
      this._listenId || (this._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
      listening = _listening = listeningTo[id] = new Listening(this, obj);
    }

    // Bind callbacks on obj.
    var error = tryCatchOn(obj, name, callback, this);
    _listening = void 0;

    if (error) throw error;
    // If the target obj is not Backbone.Events, track events manually.
    if (listening.interop) listening.on(name, callback);

    return this;
  };

  // The reducing API that adds a callback to the `events` object.
  var onApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
    if (callback) {
      var handlers = events[name] || (events[name] = []);
      var context = options.context, ctx = options.ctx, listening = options.listening;
      if (listening) listening.count++;

      handlers.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || ctx, listening: listening});
    }
    return events;
  };

  // An try-catch guarded #on function, to prevent poisoning the global
  // `_listening` variable.
  var tryCatchOn = function(obj, name, callback, context) {
    try {
      obj.on(name, callback, context);
    } catch (e) {
      return e;
    }
  };

  // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
  // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
  // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
  // callbacks for all events.
  Events.off = function(name, callback, context) {
    if (!this._events) return this;
    this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, {
      context: context,
      listeners: this._listeners
    });

    return this;
  };

  // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
  // to every object it's currently listening to.
  Events.stopListening = function(obj, name, callback) {
    var listeningTo = this._listeningTo;
    if (!listeningTo) return this;

    var ids = obj ? [obj._listenId] : _.keys(listeningTo);
    for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
      var listening = listeningTo[ids[i]];

      // If listening doesn't exist, this object is not currently
      // listening to obj. Break out early.
      if (!listening) break;

      listening.obj.off(name, callback, this);
      if (listening.interop) listening.off(name, callback);
    }
    if (_.isEmpty(listeningTo)) this._listeningTo = void 0;

    return this;
  };

  // The reducing API that removes a callback from the `events` object.
  var offApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
    if (!events) return;

    var context = options.context, listeners = options.listeners;
    var i = 0, names;

    // Delete all event listeners and "drop" events.
    if (!name && !context && !callback) {
      for (names = _.keys(listeners); i < names.length; i++) {
        listeners[names[i]].cleanup();
      }
      return;
    }

    names = name ? [name] : _.keys(events);
    for (; i < names.length; i++) {
      name = names[i];
      var handlers = events[name];

      // Bail out if there are no events stored.
      if (!handlers) break;

      // Find any remaining events.
      var remaining = [];
      for (var j = 0; j < handlers.length; j++) {
        var handler = handlers[j];
        if (
          callback && callback !== handler.callback &&
            callback !== handler.callback._callback ||
              context && context !== handler.context
        ) {
          remaining.push(handler);
        } else {
          var listening = handler.listening;
          if (listening) listening.off(name, callback);
        }
      }

      // Replace events if there are any remaining.  Otherwise, clean up.
      if (remaining.length) {
        events[name] = remaining;
      } else {
        delete events[name];
      }
    }

    return events;
  };

  // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
  // the callback is invoked, its listener will be removed. If multiple events
  // are passed in using the space-separated syntax, the handler will fire
  // once for each event, not once for a combination of all events.
  Events.once = function(name, callback, context) {
    // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
    var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, this.off.bind(this));
    if (typeof name === 'string' && context == null) callback = void 0;
    return this.on(events, callback, context);
  };

  // Inversion-of-control versions of `once`.
  Events.listenToOnce = function(obj, name, callback) {
    // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
    var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, this.stopListening.bind(this, obj));
    return this.listenTo(obj, events);
  };

  // Reduces the event callbacks into a map of `{event: onceWrapper}`.
  // `offer` unbinds the `onceWrapper` after it has been called.
  var onceMap = function(map, name, callback, offer) {
    if (callback) {
      var once = map[name] = _.once(function() {
        offer(name, once);
        callback.apply(this, arguments);
      });
      once._callback = callback;
    }
    return map;
  };

  // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
  // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
  // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
  // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
  Events.trigger = function(name) {
    if (!this._events) return this;

    var length = Math.max(0, arguments.length - 1);
    var args = Array(length);
    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) args[i] = arguments[i + 1];

    eventsApi(triggerApi, this._events, name, void 0, args);
    return this;
  };

  // Handles triggering the appropriate event callbacks.
  var triggerApi = function(objEvents, name, callback, args) {
    if (objEvents) {
      var events = objEvents[name];
      var allEvents = objEvents.all;
      if (events && allEvents) allEvents = allEvents.slice();
      if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);
      if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, [name].concat(args));
    }
    return objEvents;
  };

  // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for
  // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal
  // Backbone events have 3 arguments).
  var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
    var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2];
    switch (args.length) {
      case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return;
      case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;
      case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;
      case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
      default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return;
    }
  };

  // A listening class that tracks and cleans up memory bindings
  // when all callbacks have been offed.
  var Listening = function(listener, obj) {
    this.id = listener._listenId;
    this.listener = listener;
    this.obj = obj;
    this.interop = true;
    this.count = 0;
    this._events = void 0;
  };

  Listening.prototype.on = Events.on;

  // Offs a callback (or several).
  // Uses an optimized counter if the listenee uses Backbone.Events.
  // Otherwise, falls back to manual tracking to support events
  // library interop.
  Listening.prototype.off = function(name, callback) {
    var cleanup;
    if (this.interop) {
      this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, {
        context: void 0,
        listeners: void 0
      });
      cleanup = !this._events;
    } else {
      this.count--;
      cleanup = this.count === 0;
    }
    if (cleanup) this.cleanup();
  };

  // Cleans up memory bindings between the listener and the listenee.
  Listening.prototype.cleanup = function() {
    delete this.listener._listeningTo[this.obj._listenId];
    if (!this.interop) delete this.obj._listeners[this.id];
  };

  // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
  Events.bind   = Events.on;
  Events.unbind = Events.off;

  // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
  // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
  _.extend(Backbone, Events);

  // Backbone.Model
  // --------------

  // Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework --
  // frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server.
  // A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for
  // performing computations and transformations on that data.

  // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`)
  // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
  var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
    var attrs = attributes || {};
    options || (options = {});
    this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments);
    this.cid = _.uniqueId(this.cidPrefix);
    this.attributes = {};
    if (options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
    if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
    var defaults = _.result(this, 'defaults');

    // Just _.defaults would work fine, but the additional _.extends
    // is in there for historical reasons. See #3843.
    attrs = _.defaults(_.extend({}, defaults, attrs), defaults);

    this.set(attrs, options);
    this.changed = {};
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
  _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {

    // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
    changed: null,

    // The value returned during the last failed validation.
    validationError: null,

    // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
    // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
    idAttribute: 'id',

    // The prefix is used to create the client id which is used to identify models locally.
    // You may want to override this if you're experiencing name clashes with model ids.
    cidPrefix: 'c',

    // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function
    // or object.  preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the Model.
    preinitialize: function(){},

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
    toJSON: function(options) {
      return _.clone(this.attributes);
    },

    // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need
    // custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model.
    sync: function() {
      return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
    },

    // Get the value of an attribute.
    get: function(attr) {
      return this.attributes[attr];
    },

    // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
    escape: function(attr) {
      return _.escape(this.get(attr));
    },

    // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
    // or undefined.
    has: function(attr) {
      return this.get(attr) != null;
    },

    // Special-cased proxy to underscore's `_.matches` method.
    matches: function(attrs) {
      return !!_.iteratee(attrs, this)(this.attributes);
    },

    // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is
    // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying
    // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast.
    set: function(key, val, options) {
      if (key == null) return this;

      // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
      var attrs;
      if (typeof key === 'object') {
        attrs = key;
        options = val;
      } else {
        (attrs = {})[key] = val;
      }

      options || (options = {});

      // Run validation.
      if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;

      // Extract attributes and options.
      var unset      = options.unset;
      var silent     = options.silent;
      var changes    = [];
      var changing   = this._changing;
      this._changing = true;

      if (!changing) {
        this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
        this.changed = {};
      }

      var current = this.attributes;
      var changed = this.changed;
      var prev    = this._previousAttributes;

      // For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value.
      for (var attr in attrs) {
        val = attrs[attr];
        if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr);
        if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) {
          changed[attr] = val;
        } else {
          delete changed[attr];
        }
        unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val;
      }

      // Update the `id`.
      if (this.idAttribute in attrs) {
        var prevId = this.id;
        this.id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
        this.trigger('changeId', this, prevId, options);
      }

      // Trigger all relevant attribute changes.
      if (!silent) {
        if (changes.length) this._pending = options;
        for (var i = 0; i < changes.length; i++) {
          this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options);
        }
      }

      // You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can
      // be recursively nested within `"change"` events.
      if (changing) return this;
      if (!silent) {
        while (this._pending) {
          options = this._pending;
          this._pending = false;
          this.trigger('change', this, options);
        }
      }
      this._pending = false;
      this._changing = false;
      return this;
    },

    // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop
    // if the attribute doesn't exist.
    unset: function(attr, options) {
      return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
    },

    // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`.
    clear: function(options) {
      var attrs = {};
      for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0;
      return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
    },

    // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
    // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
    hasChanged: function(attr) {
      if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
      return _.has(this.changed, attr);
    },

    // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
    // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
    // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
    // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
    // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
    // determining if there *would be* a change.
    changedAttributes: function(diff) {
      if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
      var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes;
      var changed = {};
      var hasChanged;
      for (var attr in diff) {
        var val = diff[attr];
        if (_.isEqual(old[attr], val)) continue;
        changed[attr] = val;
        hasChanged = true;
      }
      return hasChanged ? changed : false;
    },

    // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
    // `"change"` event was fired.
    previous: function(attr) {
      if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
      return this._previousAttributes[attr];
    },

    // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
    // `"change"` event.
    previousAttributes: function() {
      return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
    },

    // Fetch the model from the server, merging the response with the model's
    // local attributes. Any changed attributes will trigger a "change" event.
    fetch: function(options) {
      options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
      var model = this;
      var success = options.success;
      options.success = function(resp) {
        var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
        if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
        if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
        model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
      };
      wrapError(this, options);
      return this.sync('read', this, options);
    },

    // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
    // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
    // state will be `set` again.
    save: function(key, val, options) {
      // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
      var attrs;
      if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
        attrs = key;
        options = val;
      } else {
        (attrs = {})[key] = val;
      }

      options = _.extend({validate: true, parse: true}, options);
      var wait = options.wait;

      // If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as
      // `set(attr).save(null, opts)` with validation. Otherwise, check if
      // the model will be valid when the attributes, if any, are set.
      if (attrs && !wait) {
        if (!this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
      } else if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) {
        return false;
      }

      // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
      // updated with the server-side state.
      var model = this;
      var success = options.success;
      var attributes = this.attributes;
      options.success = function(resp) {
        // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves.
        model.attributes = attributes;
        var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
        if (wait) serverAttrs = _.extend({}, attrs, serverAttrs);
        if (serverAttrs && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
        if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
        model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
      };
      wrapError(this, options);

      // Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}` to properly find new ids.
      if (attrs && wait) this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs);

      var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update';
      if (method === 'patch' && !options.attrs) options.attrs = attrs;
      var xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);

      // Restore attributes.
      this.attributes = attributes;

      return xhr;
    },

    // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
    // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
    // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
    destroy: function(options) {
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      var model = this;
      var success = options.success;
      var wait = options.wait;

      var destroy = function() {
        model.stopListening();
        model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
      };

      options.success = function(resp) {
        if (wait) destroy();
        if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
        if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
      };

      var xhr = false;
      if (this.isNew()) {
        _.defer(options.success);
      } else {
        wrapError(this, options);
        xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
      }
      if (!wait) destroy();
      return xhr;
    },

    // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
    // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
    // that will be called.
    url: function() {
      var base =
        _.result(this, 'urlRoot') ||
        _.result(this.collection, 'url') ||
        urlError();
      if (this.isNew()) return base;
      var id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
      return base.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') + encodeURIComponent(id);
    },

    // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
    // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
    parse: function(resp, options) {
      return resp;
    },

    // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
    clone: function() {
      return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
    },

    // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
    isNew: function() {
      return !this.has(this.idAttribute);
    },

    // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
    isValid: function(options) {
      return this._validate({}, _.extend({}, options, {validate: true}));
    },

    // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
    // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event.
    _validate: function(attrs, options) {
      if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true;
      attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
      var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null;
      if (!error) return true;
      this.trigger('invalid', this, error, _.extend(options, {validationError: error}));
      return false;
    }

  });

  // Backbone.Collection
  // -------------------

  // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is
  // more analogous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
  // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason
  // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents
  // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain
  // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`.

  // Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`.
  // If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
  // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
  var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
    options || (options = {});
    this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments);
    if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
    if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
    this._reset();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
    if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
  };

  // Default options for `Collection#set`.
  var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true};
  var addOptions = {add: true, remove: false};

  // Splices `insert` into `array` at index `at`.
  var splice = function(array, insert, at) {
    at = Math.min(Math.max(at, 0), array.length);
    var tail = Array(array.length - at);
    var length = insert.length;
    var i;
    for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) tail[i] = array[i + at];
    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) array[i + at] = insert[i];
    for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) array[i + length + at] = tail[i];
  };

  // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
  _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {

    // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
    // This should be overridden in most cases.
    model: Model,


    // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function
    // or object.  preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the Collection.
    preinitialize: function(){},

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
    // models' attributes.
    toJSON: function(options) {
      return this.map(function(model) { return model.toJSON(options); });
    },

    // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
    sync: function() {
      return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
    },

    // Add a model, or list of models to the set. `models` may be Backbone
    // Models or raw JavaScript objects to be converted to Models, or any
    // combination of the two.
    add: function(models, options) {
      return this.set(models, _.extend({merge: false}, options, addOptions));
    },

    // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
    remove: function(models, options) {
      options = _.extend({}, options);
      var singular = !_.isArray(models);
      models = singular ? [models] : models.slice();
      var removed = this._removeModels(models, options);
      if (!options.silent && removed.length) {
        options.changes = {added: [], merged: [], removed: removed};
        this.trigger('update', this, options);
      }
      return singular ? removed[0] : removed;
    },

    // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones,
    // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that
    // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**,
    // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection.
    set: function(models, options) {
      if (models == null) return;

      options = _.extend({}, setOptions, options);
      if (options.parse && !this._isModel(models)) {
        models = this.parse(models, options) || [];
      }

      var singular = !_.isArray(models);
      models = singular ? [models] : models.slice();

      var at = options.at;
      if (at != null) at = +at;
      if (at > this.length) at = this.length;
      if (at < 0) at += this.length + 1;

      var set = [];
      var toAdd = [];
      var toMerge = [];
      var toRemove = [];
      var modelMap = {};

      var add = options.add;
      var merge = options.merge;
      var remove = options.remove;

      var sort = false;
      var sortable = this.comparator && at == null && options.sort !== false;
      var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;

      // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
      // from being added.
      var model, i;
      for (i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
        model = models[i];

        // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
        // optionally merge it into the existing model.
        var existing = this.get(model);
        if (existing) {
          if (merge && model !== existing) {
            var attrs = this._isModel(model) ? model.attributes : model;
            if (options.parse) attrs = existing.parse(attrs, options);
            existing.set(attrs, options);
            toMerge.push(existing);
            if (sortable && !sort) sort = existing.hasChanged(sortAttr);
          }
          if (!modelMap[existing.cid]) {
            modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
            set.push(existing);
          }
          models[i] = existing;

        // If this is a new, valid model, push it to the `toAdd` list.
        } else if (add) {
          model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(model, options);
          if (model) {
            toAdd.push(model);
            this._addReference(model, options);
            modelMap[model.cid] = true;
            set.push(model);
          }
        }
      }

      // Remove stale models.
      if (remove) {
        for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
          model = this.models[i];
          if (!modelMap[model.cid]) toRemove.push(model);
        }
        if (toRemove.length) this._removeModels(toRemove, options);
      }

      // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
      var orderChanged = false;
      var replace = !sortable && add && remove;
      if (set.length && replace) {
        orderChanged = this.length !== set.length || _.some(this.models, function(m, index) {
          return m !== set[index];
        });
        this.models.length = 0;
        splice(this.models, set, 0);
        this.length = this.models.length;
      } else if (toAdd.length) {
        if (sortable) sort = true;
        splice(this.models, toAdd, at == null ? this.length : at);
        this.length = this.models.length;
      }

      // Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
      if (sort) this.sort({silent: true});

      // Unless silenced, it's time to fire all appropriate add/sort/update events.
      if (!options.silent) {
        for (i = 0; i < toAdd.length; i++) {
          if (at != null) options.index = at + i;
          model = toAdd[i];
          model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
        }
        if (sort || orderChanged) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
        if (toAdd.length || toRemove.length || toMerge.length) {
          options.changes = {
            added: toAdd,
            removed: toRemove,
            merged: toMerge
          };
          this.trigger('update', this, options);
        }
      }

      // Return the added (or merged) model (or models).
      return singular ? models[0] : models;
    },

    // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
    // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
    // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
    // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations.
    reset: function(models, options) {
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      for (var i = 0; i < this.models.length; i++) {
        this._removeReference(this.models[i], options);
      }
      options.previousModels = this.models;
      this._reset();
      models = this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
      return models;
    },

    // Add a model to the end of the collection.
    push: function(model, options) {
      return this.add(model, _.extend({at: this.length}, options));
    },

    // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
    pop: function(options) {
      var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
      return this.remove(model, options);
    },

    // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
    unshift: function(model, options) {
      return this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
    },

    // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
    shift: function(options) {
      var model = this.at(0);
      return this.remove(model, options);
    },

    // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
    slice: function() {
      return slice.apply(this.models, arguments);
    },

    // Get a model from the set by id, cid, model object with id or cid
    // properties, or an attributes object that is transformed through modelId.
    get: function(obj) {
      if (obj == null) return void 0;
      return this._byId[obj] ||
        this._byId[this.modelId(this._isModel(obj) ? obj.attributes : obj, obj.idAttribute)] ||
        obj.cid && this._byId[obj.cid];
    },

    // Returns `true` if the model is in the collection.
    has: function(obj) {
      return this.get(obj) != null;
    },

    // Get the model at the given index.
    at: function(index) {
      if (index < 0) index += this.length;
      return this.models[index];
    },

    // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of
    // `filter`.
    where: function(attrs, first) {
      return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](attrs);
    },

    // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases
    // of `find`.
    findWhere: function(attrs) {
      return this.where(attrs, true);
    },

    // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
    // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
    // is added.
    sort: function(options) {
      var comparator = this.comparator;
      if (!comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
      options || (options = {});

      var length = comparator.length;
      if (_.isFunction(comparator)) comparator = comparator.bind(this);

      // Run sort based on type of `comparator`.
      if (length === 1 || _.isString(comparator)) {
        this.models = this.sortBy(comparator);
      } else {
        this.models.sort(comparator);
      }
      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
      return this;
    },

    // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
    pluck: function(attr) {
      return this.map(attr + '');
    },

    // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
    // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response
    // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`.
    fetch: function(options) {
      options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
      var success = options.success;
      var collection = this;
      options.success = function(resp) {
        var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set';
        collection[method](resp, options);
        if (success) success.call(options.context, collection, resp, options);
        collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options);
      };
      wrapError(this, options);
      return this.sync('read', this, options);
    },

    // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
    // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
    // wait for the server to agree.
    create: function(model, options) {
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      var wait = options.wait;
      model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
      if (!model) return false;
      if (!wait) this.add(model, options);
      var collection = this;
      var success = options.success;
      options.success = function(m, resp, callbackOpts) {
        if (wait) {
          m.off('error', collection._forwardPristineError, collection);
          collection.add(m, callbackOpts);
        }
        if (success) success.call(callbackOpts.context, m, resp, callbackOpts);
      };
      // In case of wait:true, our collection is not listening to any
      // of the model's events yet, so it will not forward the error
      // event. In this special case, we need to listen for it
      // separately and handle the event just once.
      // (The reason we don't need to do this for the sync event is
      // in the success handler above: we add the model first, which
      // causes the collection to listen, and then invoke the callback
      // that triggers the event.)
      if (wait) {
        model.once('error', this._forwardPristineError, this);
      }
      model.save(null, options);
      return model;
    },

    // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
    // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
    parse: function(resp, options) {
      return resp;
    },

    // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
    clone: function() {
      return new this.constructor(this.models, {
        model: this.model,
        comparator: this.comparator
      });
    },

    // Define how to uniquely identify models in the collection.
    modelId: function(attrs, idAttribute) {
      return attrs[idAttribute || this.model.prototype.idAttribute || 'id'];
    },

    // Get an iterator of all models in this collection.
    values: function() {
      return new CollectionIterator(this, ITERATOR_VALUES);
    },

    // Get an iterator of all model IDs in this collection.
    keys: function() {
      return new CollectionIterator(this, ITERATOR_KEYS);
    },

    // Get an iterator of all [ID, model] tuples in this collection.
    entries: function() {
      return new CollectionIterator(this, ITERATOR_KEYSVALUES);
    },

    // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection
    // is first initialized or reset.
    _reset: function() {
      this.length = 0;
      this.models = [];
      this._byId  = {};
    },

    // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
    // collection.
    _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
      if (this._isModel(attrs)) {
        if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
        return attrs;
      }
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      options.collection = this;

      var model;
      if (this.model.prototype) {
        model = new this.model(attrs, options);
      } else {
        // ES class methods didn't have prototype
        model = this.model(attrs, options);
      }

      if (!model.validationError) return model;
      this.trigger('invalid', this, model.validationError, options);
      return false;
    },

    // Internal method called by both remove and set.
    _removeModels: function(models, options) {
      var removed = [];
      for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
        var model = this.get(models[i]);
        if (!model) continue;

        var index = this.indexOf(model);
        this.models.splice(index, 1);
        this.length--;

        // Remove references before triggering 'remove' event to prevent an
        // infinite loop. #3693
        delete this._byId[model.cid];
        var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute);
        if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];

        if (!options.silent) {
          options.index = index;
          model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
        }

        removed.push(model);
        this._removeReference(model, options);
      }
      if (models.length > 0 && !options.silent) delete options.index;
      return removed;
    },

    // Method for checking whether an object should be considered a model for
    // the purposes of adding to the collection.
    _isModel: function(model) {
      return model instanceof Model;
    },

    // Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection.
    _addReference: function(model, options) {
      this._byId[model.cid] = model;
      var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute);
      if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
      model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
    },

    // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
    _removeReference: function(model, options) {
      delete this._byId[model.cid];
      var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute);
      if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];
      if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
      model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
    },

    // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
    // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
    // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
    // in other collections are ignored.
    _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
      if (model) {
        if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return;
        if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options);
        if (event === 'changeId') {
          var prevId = this.modelId(model.previousAttributes(), model.idAttribute);
          var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute);
          if (prevId != null) delete this._byId[prevId];
          if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
        }
      }
      this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
    },

    // Internal callback method used in `create`. It serves as a
    // stand-in for the `_onModelEvent` method, which is not yet bound
    // during the `wait` period of the `create` call. We still want to
    // forward any `'error'` event at the end of the `wait` period,
    // hence a customized callback.
    _forwardPristineError: function(model, collection, options) {
      // Prevent double forward if the model was already in the
      // collection before the call to `create`.
      if (this.has(model)) return;
      this._onModelEvent('error', model, collection, options);
    }
  });

  // Defining an @@iterator method implements JavaScript's Iterable protocol.
  // In modern ES2015 browsers, this value is found at Symbol.iterator.
  /* global Symbol */
  var $$iterator = typeof Symbol === 'function' && Symbol.iterator;
  if ($$iterator) {
    Collection.prototype[$$iterator] = Collection.prototype.values;
  }

  // CollectionIterator
  // ------------------

  // A CollectionIterator implements JavaScript's Iterator protocol, allowing the
  // use of `for of` loops in modern browsers and interoperation between
  // Backbone.Collection and other JavaScript functions and third-party libraries
  // which can operate on Iterables.
  var CollectionIterator = function(collection, kind) {
    this._collection = collection;
    this._kind = kind;
    this._index = 0;
  };

  // This "enum" defines the three possible kinds of values which can be emitted
  // by a CollectionIterator that correspond to the values(), keys() and entries()
  // methods on Collection, respectively.
  var ITERATOR_VALUES = 1;
  var ITERATOR_KEYS = 2;
  var ITERATOR_KEYSVALUES = 3;

  // All Iterators should themselves be Iterable.
  if ($$iterator) {
    CollectionIterator.prototype[$$iterator] = function() {
      return this;
    };
  }

  CollectionIterator.prototype.next = function() {
    if (this._collection) {

      // Only continue iterating if the iterated collection is long enough.
      if (this._index < this._collection.length) {
        var model = this._collection.at(this._index);
        this._index++;

        // Construct a value depending on what kind of values should be iterated.
        var value;
        if (this._kind === ITERATOR_VALUES) {
          value = model;
        } else {
          var id = this._collection.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute);
          if (this._kind === ITERATOR_KEYS) {
            value = id;
          } else { // ITERATOR_KEYSVALUES
            value = [id, model];
          }
        }
        return {value: value, done: false};
      }

      // Once exhausted, remove the reference to the collection so future
      // calls to the next method always return done.
      this._collection = void 0;
    }

    return {value: void 0, done: true};
  };

  // Backbone.View
  // -------------

  // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
  // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
  // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
  // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
  // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
  // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
  // react to specific changes in the state of your models.

  // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
  // if an existing element is not provided...
  var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
    this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
    this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments);
    _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
    this._ensureElement();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
  var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;

  // List of view options to be set as properties.
  var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
  _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {

    // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
    tagName: 'div',

    // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
    // current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible.
    $: function(selector) {
      return this.$el.find(selector);
    },

    // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function
    // or object.  preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the View
    preinitialize: function(){},

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
    // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
    // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
    render: function() {
      return this;
    },

    // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
    // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
    remove: function() {
      this._removeElement();
      this.stopListening();
      return this;
    },

    // Remove this view's element from the document and all event listeners
    // attached to it. Exposed for subclasses using an alternative DOM
    // manipulation API.
    _removeElement: function() {
      this.$el.remove();
    },

    // Change the view's element (`this.el` property) and re-delegate the
    // view's events on the new element.
    setElement: function(element) {
      this.undelegateEvents();
      this._setElement(element);
      this.delegateEvents();
      return this;
    },

    // Creates the `this.el` and `this.$el` references for this view using the
    // given `el`. `el` can be a CSS selector or an HTML string, a jQuery
    // context or an element. Subclasses can override this to utilize an
    // alternative DOM manipulation API and are only required to set the
    // `this.el` property.
    _setElement: function(el) {
      this.$el = el instanceof Backbone.$ ? el : Backbone.$(el);
      this.el = this.$el[0];
    },

    // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
    //
    // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
    //
    //     {
    //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
    //       'click .button':     'save',
    //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
    //     }
    //
    // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
    // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
    // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
    delegateEvents: function(events) {
      events || (events = _.result(this, 'events'));
      if (!events) return this;
      this.undelegateEvents();
      for (var key in events) {
        var method = events[key];
        if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[method];
        if (!method) continue;
        var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
        this.delegate(match[1], match[2], method.bind(this));
      }
      return this;
    },

    // Add a single event listener to the view's element (or a child element
    // using `selector`). This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`,
    // `blur`, and not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
    delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
      this.$el.on(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
      return this;
    },

    // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view by `delegateEvents`.
    // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
    // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
    undelegateEvents: function() {
      if (this.$el) this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
      return this;
    },

    // A finer-grained `undelegateEvents` for removing a single delegated event.
    // `selector` and `listener` are both optional.
    undelegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
      this.$el.off(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
      return this;
    },

    // Produces a DOM element to be assigned to your view. Exposed for
    // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
    _createElement: function(tagName) {
      return document.createElement(tagName);
    },

    // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
    // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
    // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
    // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
    _ensureElement: function() {
      if (!this.el) {
        var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
        if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
        if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
        this.setElement(this._createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName')));
        this._setAttributes(attrs);
      } else {
        this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'));
      }
    },

    // Set attributes from a hash on this view's element.  Exposed for
    // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
    _setAttributes: function(attributes) {
      this.$el.attr(attributes);
    }

  });

  // Proxy Backbone class methods to Underscore functions, wrapping the model's
  // `attributes` object or collection's `models` array behind the scenes.
  //
  // collection.filter(function(model) { return model.get('age') > 10 });
  // collection.each(this.addView);
  //
  // `Function#apply` can be slow so we use the method's arg count, if we know it.
  var addMethod = function(base, length, method, attribute) {
    switch (length) {
      case 1: return function() {
        return base[method](this[attribute]);
      };
      case 2: return function(value) {
        return base[method](this[attribute], value);
      };
      case 3: return function(iteratee, context) {
        return base[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), context);
      };
      case 4: return function(iteratee, defaultVal, context) {
        return base[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), defaultVal, context);
      };
      default: return function() {
        var args = slice.call(arguments);
        args.unshift(this[attribute]);
        return base[method].apply(base, args);
      };
    }
  };

  var addUnderscoreMethods = function(Class, base, methods, attribute) {
    _.each(methods, function(length, method) {
      if (base[method]) Class.prototype[method] = addMethod(base, length, method, attribute);
    });
  };

  // Support `collection.sortBy('attr')` and `collection.findWhere({id: 1})`.
  var cb = function(iteratee, instance) {
    if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) return iteratee;
    if (_.isObject(iteratee) && !instance._isModel(iteratee)) return modelMatcher(iteratee);
    if (_.isString(iteratee)) return function(model) { return model.get(iteratee); };
    return iteratee;
  };
  var modelMatcher = function(attrs) {
    var matcher = _.matches(attrs);
    return function(model) {
      return matcher(model.attributes);
    };
  };

  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
  // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
  // right here:
  var collectionMethods = {forEach: 3, each: 3, map: 3, collect: 3, reduce: 0,
    foldl: 0, inject: 0, reduceRight: 0, foldr: 0, find: 3, detect: 3, filter: 3,
    select: 3, reject: 3, every: 3, all: 3, some: 3, any: 3, include: 3, includes: 3,
    contains: 3, invoke: 0, max: 3, min: 3, toArray: 1, size: 1, first: 3,
    head: 3, take: 3, initial: 3, rest: 3, tail: 3, drop: 3, last: 3,
    without: 0, difference: 0, indexOf: 3, shuffle: 1, lastIndexOf: 3,
    isEmpty: 1, chain: 1, sample: 3, partition: 3, groupBy: 3, countBy: 3,
    sortBy: 3, indexBy: 3, findIndex: 3, findLastIndex: 3};


  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model, mapped to the
  // number of arguments they take.
  var modelMethods = {keys: 1, values: 1, pairs: 1, invert: 1, pick: 0,
    omit: 0, chain: 1, isEmpty: 1};

  // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.

  _.each([
    [Collection, collectionMethods, 'models'],
    [Model, modelMethods, 'attributes']
  ], function(config) {
    var Base = config[0],
        methods = config[1],
        attribute = config[2];

    Base.mixin = function(obj) {
      var mappings = _.reduce(_.functions(obj), function(memo, name) {
        memo[name] = 0;
        return memo;
      }, {});
      addUnderscoreMethods(Base, obj, mappings, attribute);
    };

    addUnderscoreMethods(Base, _, methods, attribute);
  });

  // Backbone.sync
  // -------------

  // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
  // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
  // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
  // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
  //
  // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
  // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
  // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
  //
  // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
  // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
  // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
  // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
  // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
  // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
  Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
    var type = methodMap[method];

    // Default options, unless specified.
    _.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
      emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
      emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
    });

    // Default JSON-request options.
    var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};

    // Ensure that we have a URL.
    if (!options.url) {
      params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
    }

    // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
    if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
      params.contentType = 'application/json';
      params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
    }

    // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
    if (options.emulateJSON) {
      params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
      params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
    }

    // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
    // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
    if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
      params.type = 'POST';
      if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
      var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
      options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
        xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
        if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
      };
    }

    // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
    if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
      params.processData = false;
    }

    // Pass along `textStatus` and `errorThrown` from jQuery.
    var error = options.error;
    options.error = function(xhr, textStatus, errorThrown) {
      options.textStatus = textStatus;
      options.errorThrown = errorThrown;
      if (error) error.call(options.context, xhr, textStatus, errorThrown);
    };

    // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
    var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
    model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
    return xhr;
  };

  // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
  var methodMap = {
    'create': 'POST',
    'update': 'PUT',
    'patch': 'PATCH',
    'delete': 'DELETE',
    'read': 'GET'
  };

  // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
  // Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
  Backbone.ajax = function() {
    return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
  };

  // Backbone.Router
  // ---------------

  // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
  // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
  var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
    options || (options = {});
    this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments);
    if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
    this._bindRoutes();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
  // parts of route strings.
  var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
  var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
  var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
  var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
  _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {

    // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function
    // or object.  preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the Router.
    preinitialize: function(){},

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
    //
    //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
    //       ...
    //     });
    //
    route: function(route, name, callback) {
      if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
      if (_.isFunction(name)) {
        callback = name;
        name = '';
      }
      if (!callback) callback = this[name];
      var router = this;
      Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
        var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
        if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) {
          router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
          router.trigger('route', name, args);
          Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
        }
      });
      return this;
    },

    // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters.  This is an
    // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
    execute: function(callback, args, name) {
      if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
    },

    // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
      Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
      return this;
    },

    // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
    // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
    // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
    _bindRoutes: function() {
      if (!this.routes) return;
      this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
      var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
      while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
        this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
      }
    },

    // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
    // against the current location hash.
    _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
      route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
      .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
      .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
        return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)';
      })
      .replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');
      return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$');
    },

    // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
    // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
    // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
    _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
      var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
      return _.map(params, function(param, i) {
        // Don't decode the search params.
        if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null;
        return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
      });
    }

  });

  // Backbone.History
  // ----------------

  // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
  // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
  // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
  // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
  // falls back to polling.
  var History = Backbone.History = function() {
    this.handlers = [];
    this.checkUrl = this.checkUrl.bind(this);

    // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
      this.location = window.location;
      this.history = window.history;
    }
  };

  // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
  var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;

  // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
  var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;

  // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash.
  var pathStripper = /#.*$/;

  // Has the history handling already been started?
  History.started = false;

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
  _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {

    // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
    // twenty times a second.
    interval: 50,

    // Are we at the app root?
    atRoot: function() {
      var path = this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/');
      return path === this.root && !this.getSearch();
    },

    // Does the pathname match the root?
    matchRoot: function() {
      var path = this.decodeFragment(this.location.pathname);
      var rootPath = path.slice(0, this.root.length - 1) + '/';
      return rootPath === this.root;
    },

    // Unicode characters in `location.pathname` are percent encoded so they're
    // decoded for comparison. `%25` should not be decoded since it may be part
    // of an encoded parameter.
    decodeFragment: function(fragment) {
      return decodeURI(fragment.replace(/%25/g, '%2525'));
    },

    // In IE6, the hash fragment and search params are incorrect if the
    // fragment contains `?`.
    getSearch: function() {
      var match = this.location.href.replace(/#.*/, '').match(/\?.+/);
      return match ? match[0] : '';
    },

    // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
    // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
    getHash: function(window) {
      var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
      return match ? match[1] : '';
    },

    // Get the pathname and search params, without the root.
    getPath: function() {
      var path = this.decodeFragment(
        this.location.pathname + this.getSearch()
      ).slice(this.root.length - 1);
      return path.charAt(0) === '/' ? path.slice(1) : path;
    },

    // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash.
    getFragment: function(fragment) {
      if (fragment == null) {
        if (this._usePushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
          fragment = this.getPath();
        } else {
          fragment = this.getHash();
        }
      }
      return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
    },

    // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
    // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
    start: function(options) {
      if (History.started) throw new Error('Backbone.history has already been started');
      History.started = true;

      // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
      // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
      this.options          = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
      this.root             = this.options.root;
      this._trailingSlash   = this.options.trailingSlash;
      this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
      this._hasHashChange   = 'onhashchange' in window && (document.documentMode === void 0 || document.documentMode > 7);
      this._useHashChange   = this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange;
      this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
      this._hasPushState    = !!(this.history && this.history.pushState);
      this._usePushState    = this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState;
      this.fragment         = this.getFragment();

      // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
      this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');

      // Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
      // requested.
      if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {

        // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled
        // browser, but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
        if (!this._hasPushState && !this.atRoot()) {
          var rootPath = this.root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
          this.location.replace(rootPath + '#' + this.getPath());
          // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
          return true;

        // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
        // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
        } else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot()) {
          this.navigate(this.getHash(), {replace: true});
        }

      }

      // Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't
      // support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants
      // `hashChange` but not `pushState`.
      if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && !this._usePushState) {
        this.iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
        this.iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
        this.iframe.style.display = 'none';
        this.iframe.tabIndex = -1;
        var body = document.body;
        // Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready.
        var iWindow = body.insertBefore(this.iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow;
        iWindow.document.open();
        iWindow.document.close();
        iWindow.location.hash = '#' + this.fragment;
      }

      // Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers.
      var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || function(eventName, listener) {
        return attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
      };

      // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
      // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
      if (this._usePushState) {
        addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
      } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
        addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
        this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
      }

      if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
    },

    // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
    // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
    stop: function() {
      // Add a cross-platform `removeEventListener` shim for older browsers.
      var removeEventListener = window.removeEventListener || function(eventName, listener) {
        return detachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
      };

      // Remove window listeners.
      if (this._usePushState) {
        removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
      } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
        removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
      }

      // Clean up the iframe if necessary.
      if (this.iframe) {
        document.body.removeChild(this.iframe);
        this.iframe = null;
      }

      // Some environments will throw when clearing an undefined interval.
      if (this._checkUrlInterval) clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
      History.started = false;
    },

    // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
    // may override previous routes.
    route: function(route, callback) {
      this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
    },

    // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
    // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
    checkUrl: function(e) {
      var current = this.getFragment();

      // If the user pressed the back button, the iframe's hash will have
      // changed and we should use that for comparison.
      if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
        current = this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow);
      }

      if (current === this.fragment) {
        if (!this.matchRoot()) return this.notfound();
        return false;
      }
      if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
      this.loadUrl();
    },

    // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
    // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
    // returns `false`.
    loadUrl: function(fragment) {
      // If the root doesn't match, no routes can match either.
      if (!this.matchRoot()) return this.notfound();
      fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
      return _.some(this.handlers, function(handler) {
        if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
          handler.callback(fragment);
          return true;
        }
      }) || this.notfound();
    },

    // When no route could be matched, this method is called internally to
    // trigger the `'notfound'` event. It returns `false` so that it can be used
    // in tail position.
    notfound: function() {
      this.trigger('notfound');
      return false;
    },

    // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
    // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
    // the fragment in advance.
    //
    // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
    // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
    // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
      if (!History.started) return false;
      if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};

      // Normalize the fragment.
      fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');

      // Strip trailing slash on the root unless _trailingSlash is true
      var rootPath = this.root;
      if (!this._trailingSlash && (fragment === '' || fragment.charAt(0) === '?')) {
        rootPath = rootPath.slice(0, -1) || '/';
      }
      var url = rootPath + fragment;

      // Strip the fragment of the query and hash for matching.
      fragment = fragment.replace(pathStripper, '');

      // Decode for matching.
      var decodedFragment = this.decodeFragment(fragment);

      if (this.fragment === decodedFragment) return;
      this.fragment = decodedFragment;

      // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
      if (this._usePushState) {
        this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);

      // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
      // fragment to store history.
      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
        this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
        if (this.iframe && fragment !== this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow)) {
          var iWindow = this.iframe.contentWindow;

          // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
          // history entry on hash-tag change.  When replace is true, we don't
          // want this.
          if (!options.replace) {
            iWindow.document.open();
            iWindow.document.close();
          }

          this._updateHash(iWindow.location, fragment, options.replace);
        }

      // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
      // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
      } else {
        return this.location.assign(url);
      }
      if (options.trigger) return this.loadUrl(fragment);
    },

    // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
    // a new one to the browser history.
    _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
      if (replace) {
        var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
        location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
      } else {
        // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
        location.hash = '#' + fragment;
      }
    }

  });

  // Create the default Backbone.history.
  Backbone.history = new History;

  // Helpers
  // -------

  // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain for subclasses.
  // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
  // class properties to be extended.
  var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
    var parent = this;
    var child;

    // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
    // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
    // by us to simply call the parent constructor.
    if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
      child = protoProps.constructor;
    } else {
      child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
    }

    // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
    _.extend(child, parent, staticProps);

    // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
    // `parent`'s constructor function and add the prototype properties.
    child.prototype = _.create(parent.prototype, protoProps);
    child.prototype.constructor = child;

    // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
    // later.
    child.__super__ = parent.prototype;

    return child;
  };

  // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history.
  Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend;

  // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
  var urlError = function() {
    throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
  };

  // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
  var wrapError = function(model, options) {
    var error = options.error;
    options.error = function(resp) {
      if (error) error.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
      model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
    };
  };

  // Provide useful information when things go wrong. This method is not meant
  // to be used directly; it merely provides the necessary introspection for the
  // external `debugInfo` function.
  Backbone._debug = function() {
    return {root: root, _: _};
  };

  return Backbone;
});
A Beginner's Facts Playing Casino Slots
BDM Cricket India

A Beginner’s Facts Playing Casino Slots

BDM June 26, 2025 Betting for all Leave a comment 2,331 Views

How In Order To Play Slots Find Out The Rules Involving Slot Machines

In most modern devices, the number regarding lines that will pay off for” “a gamer depends on the particular number of credits (money or coin-in) wagered on a new particular spin. Those first machines will be paid out based about the mechanical features of the device. However, modern equipment not merely often employ video reels yet also make full use of random number generators instead of mechanical operation to determine champions.

The strategy of progressive jackpots dates back to be able to 1986 when the particular Megabucks machine seemed to be introduced, allowing earnings to accumulate until the player hit the jackpot. Today, many popular progressive slot machines are connected around multiple casinos, more increasing the jackpot feature potential. Classic slot machines, often referred to be able to as 3-reel slot machine games, provide quick plus satisfying action. These games are great for players who appreciate easy and fast-paced game play. With their standard design and mechanics, classic slots charm to both newbies and seasoned gamers. Typically, these slot machines feature one to three paylines, making them easy in order to understand and enjoy.

Slot Tip 4:  Always Enjoy Within Your Budget And Become Willing To Lower Your Guess Or Stop Playing If You Struck A Limit

Bets can be as minimal as 1c each spin, playing with your local on line casino or online is usually easier than at any time to access your bank roll. Modern slot” “equipment games trace to large and unique machines manufactured by an enthusiastic mechanic (and tinkerer) of typically the late 19th millennium, Charles Fey. The machine that Fey created was very simple but complex in concept, and also this machine was the Liberty Bell. Note that these online slot machine game strategies work finest with games that have the lowest volatility since you will need to adjust the dimensions of the gamble as you proceed. Scatter symbols are usually special icons of which can fork out irregardless of their place on the reels, often triggering reward features mostbet.

  • It’s quick to customize amount of credits you’d like to participate in too.
  • Because of the long odds, seeking to win a huge jackpot is most likely unrealistic.
  • You’ll learn what to be able to expect and exactly how to adjust your current playing style to be able to the features of a particular slot device game.
  • For example, the Blood Suckers slot with the RTP of 98% returns to all players $98 of $100 expended inside; $2 is usually the house edge.
  • Therefore, carry out not rush to immediately place actual bets, but initial, get accustomed to the position controls.

Now, your house edge will vary with respect to the” “video game that players opt to play, and typically the total bet amount which is placed. Developers are continually striving to innovate and even create new ways for players to be able to win in a great attempt to retain player interest. One of those innovations seemed to be respins or cascading down symbols – which in turn are certain emblems which cause reels to respin to produce bigger wins or multipliers with outrageous symbols potentially. With all the success and recognition, there is usually one thing which includes always been some sort of given for position machines. In essence, they have been income generators regarding casinos for several years in spite of featuring large plus relatively frequent affiliate payouts. Once you’ve set your desired bet, press the “Spin” button or draw the lever (if available) to trigger the spin.

Beginners Guide: How To Play Slots Regarding Dummies

Keeping with the straightforward nature of playing slots at on the web casinos, if gamers have trouble, these types of websites offer consumer service. The special offers that online casinos offer purely relate with in-game aspects such as bonus money in addition to free spins for slots. The appeal of slot machines is the possiblity to hit big which has a jackpot payday. Over the years, developers have continued to find ways to boost the jackpots regarding players without stopping too much of the edge for your casino.

The most realistic strategy when betting on slot machines is bankroll management; its essence is usually rather simple. Each player can devote a certain amount on bets, in addition to spending it within one evening is a bad concept; a wise option is to split your bankroll volume into several parts. For example, following making a deposit, you can divide it into components simultaneously and use only one piece per day for making bets mostbet app.

Slot Tournaments

Today almost all progressives are linked electronically to other machines, with all credit played in the particular linked machines adding to a typical jackpot. Woe will be the person who hits three jackpot symbols about a buy-a-pay together with only one gold coin played — typically the player gets practically nothing back. On some sort of multiplier, payoffs are proportionate for each coin played — apart from, usually, for that leading jackpot.

  • Their slots selection includes progressive jackpot feature games, as well as a massive selection of all traditional slots you’d count on to find.
  • This is because slot games can be highly addicting and can prospect a player to chase their losses.
  • Nowadays, known because a philanthropist, Bill Redd (also referred to as Si) was among the Bally group’s designers in the 1971s.
  • With all the achievement and popularity, there will be one thing that has always been a new given for slot machine machines.

The wide collection of slot games, like exclusive titles, guarantees a varied plus exciting gaming knowledge. Here are many of the most effective online casinos for slot machine machines and precisely what causes them to be stand out there. A Night Using Cleo transports gamers to the planet of Ancient Egypt, complete with icons such as scarab beetles and the Eye of Horus. This game holds out for its unique bonus models, which add a great extra layer associated with excitement to the gameplay. Players can easily also make use of the chance feature, that allows all of them to attempt in order to double their winnings after any effective spin.

How To Play Slot Machines On-line: Step By Phase Instructions For Beginners

Among other things, site visitors will discover a day-to-day dose of content articles with the newest poker news, reside reporting from tournaments, exclusive videos, podcasts, reviews and bonus deals and so much more. With these kinds of eligibility factors and even any others you might find, your best choice is always in order to game details or even information before a person commit to enjoying. Sean Chaffin can be a longtime freelance article writer, editor, and former high school writing teacher. If you ever feel it’s learning to be a problem, urgently speak to a helpline in your country for immediate” “assistance. From in-depth testimonials and helpful guidelines to the latest reports, we’re here to be able to help you find a very good platforms and create informed decisions every step of the particular way.

They had been featuring three” “re-writing reels operated by way of a handle and a new single slot to be able to place a coin into. This equipment had only one shell out line, with each and every reel featuring several symbols – many you would acknowledge today – spades, hearts, diamonds, a new horseshoe, and the bell. This method requires players to be able to be more involved with every earn, so having some sort of calculator close by is recommended. Instead of changing the particular size of the particular bet based in won or lost rounds, the method has a set bet determined being a percentage of typically the available balance. Using 5% can become convenient, but all of us prefer staying secure and only wagering 3%. Slot machines top the record with regards to the almost all attractive casino game titles for gamblers, the two online and in land-based casinos.

Top Payment Procedures Available On Stake Casino

This feature means that you can spin a slot machine game game without seeking to connect to the particular game, but you is going to take care to be able to ensure you’re not really spending too much per spin. Wilds usually are special symbols that can replace other symbols on paylines to generate benefits. They are typically the most crucial symbols in the particular game and may also sometimes induce bonus features.

  • Additionally, players could unlock bonus capabilities through scatter signs” “that trigger special features.
  • If a person start thinking, “Well, they’re only credit, ” or even, “They’re already paid out for, ” it’s harder to persuade yourself to guard your bankroll.
  • At the core involving every authentic internet gambling platform is gaming software.
  • Players may also withdraw their funds by hitting “Cash Out and about. ” An individual can will certainly then receive a paper voucher together with the balance amount that can become used in another machine.

The user interface is definitely crafted to mirror the appearance and even ambiance of the conventional gambling establishment, featuring intuitive selections and controls. Volatility measures the frequency as well as the size regarding the wins that will the slots spend. For example, in case you prefer big is the winner less often, then you will want to perform an increased volatility slot; in case you prefer a low volatility slot then an individual will get smaller sized, more frequent is the winner. Commonly, this symbol is very totally different from the other symbols, therefore it is easy to distinguish besides making it simpler to understand the gameplay. Depending how many you obtain, could be dependent about the reward an individual are given; but like always, this may also vary per game.

Are There Different Types Of Slot Machines?

That about wraps upward our How in order to Play Slot Devices for Beginners guidebook. If you’ve appreciated it and are ready to try many free slots with regard to yourself, check out our slot reviews web page now. After a new few spins about those, you’ll grasp all of the particular concepts you’ve figured out about here. Paylines often confuse starter slots players the most, and no Exactly how to Play Slot machine Machines for Beginners guide would be full without explaining all of them further. Each symbol has a different worth and exactly how much you win for making combinations will be identified by the value of the symbols.

  • Don’t forget to be able to carefully experience almost all of the great print, because a few terms & situations can limit claiming, usage or cashing out of bonuses.
  • First, you should note that you can always find out exactly what bonus rounds and even special features the game has by viewing the paytable.
  • The goal with this specific strategy for earning at slots is usually to win back our losses.
  • Slot machines have are available a long approach since being simple machines and actually their role since store vending equipment.
  • Once you’ve established your desired gamble, press the “Spin” button or draw the lever (if available) to initiate the spin.

He’s written several books, generally on the topics of card counting and the different blackjack systems they employed over the particular years. He in addition runs a effective YouTube channel wherever he showcases various blackjack scenarios with beginner tips about how to overcome the dealer. Bets can be since little as 1c compared to typically the common minimum levels of $5 in order to $10 that stand and card games require.” “[newline]Please note that Slotsspot. com doesn’t work any gambling companies.

How To Play Slot Machines Inside A Casino

Bonus rounds can befuddle some new participants, so we believed we’d describe all of them here so that this specific How to Play Slot Machines intended for Beginners piece will be complete. When the cheats inserted particular numbers of coins in a certain order, the device would fork out. In jurisdictions with licensed casinos, the law takes a very dim view of cheating the video poker machines. Cheating licensed casinos is a criminal offence and will carry stiff prison terms. A zero-bonus balances the particular possibility of greater wins than you see in pick’em bonuses.

  • Over in britain, they include a couple of names for all of them, fruit machines in England and puggy in Scotland.
  • They are created to offer the chance-based, easy-to-play video gaming experience where gamers” “can go back home with potentially big wins using a simple rewrite.
  • However, you may stick to certain rules when playing particular titles; by using them, you could decrease risks and boost your winning possibilities.
  • The bonus round is usually activated by way of a minimum of three scatter symbols – but this can easily vary slot in order to slot.
  • Just such as the relaxed nature of how to play slot machines, players from all over have similar carefree love towards online game.

A gamer has numerous game titles available, something intended for every taste plus interest. However, whilst we can’t inform you how in order to play slot devices and win every time, we can show a couple of slot machine techniques that will assist you win more often. This is knowledge we’ve gained above decades, so bring it in and create sure you realize that before choosing which usually game to enjoy. Some slot machines in the 1960s and ‘70s had been vulnerable to ordinary magnets. Cheaters could make use of the magnets in order to make the fishing reels float freely alternatively of stopping about a spin.

How To Play Position Machines: A Step By Step Guide

Usually, classic, fruits, 3D, and progressive jackpot slot equipment are available with all online internet casinos. Old-fashioned slot equipment have only one horizontal payline, along which in turn three winning emblems (usually fruit icons or 7s) have to line upwards for you to be paid out. The vast bulk of today’s position machines, however, are multi-payline, with a few featuring up to 100 paylines or more.

  • So, let’s say that we all start with $100, which usually means our 1st bet is 3%.
  • It works generally the same manner regarding all slot devices, although there may become some variations based on the application developer.
  • These are the added features that assist to boost your payout in the particular game.
  • There is enough diversity and choice available amongst the slot machine game games industry.
  • “Each game comes with a unique combo of features like bonus rounds, thrilling varied animation alternatives, modern machines, multiplier machines, wild icons, and more.

The risk is that a new dry run can lead to a large bet that may be difficult in order to sustain. Some slot machine games feature progressive jackpots, where a small portion of each and every bet contributes to be able to a growing goldmine that can always be won by getting a specific combo or at unique. Find out about slot machines, how that they work and how to play slots for actual money with our own full guide.

How Developers Found Ways To Increase Jackpots

The worst factor you can apply at slot machines is always to chase loss by increasing the bet level. The chances are good that you may lose a lot more cash, and probably crazily run through the bankroll. When selecting an ideal bet level for your slot play, your decision is usually a trade-off among risk and payment.

  • The machine became known as the Liberty Bell and Fey spawned an evergrowing industry.
  • There are video games in penny, 2-cent, nickel, 10-cent, 1 fourth, dollar and also $100 denominations, and several machines allow players in order to choose which denomination they want to be able to use.
  • Nearly everyone is guilty associated with not reading Apple or Google words of service, but you shouldn’t are available to a casino with that same mindset.
  • The slot machine machine landscape has always been dependent upon the improvements and innovations involving software companies.
  • These slots are normally great for players who just want to have many fun create typically the most of their particular play.

It’s important to read the cup or help menus and learn precisely what type of device it is. The three major forms of reel-spinning slot machines are the multiplier, the buy-a-pay along with the progressive. Modern movie slots, of program, don’t have real coins but instead use virtual bridal party. To period pay-out odds, simply cash out your own slot credits straight into a real money balance. If you’re gunning for the big bucks, on the other hand, you would end up being wise to stick to high volatility slots.

Slot Hint 10:  Take Benefit Of Bonuses And Even Promotions

In typically the rest, the recognition of attempting to be able to win at slot machines is surging to the point slot machine game play is rivaling table play. On those machines, the particular big payoffs have been $50 or $100 — not like typically the big numbers slot machine game players expect today. On systems of which electronically link equipment in several casinos, progressive jackpots reach huge amount of money. It’s quick — just drop coins into typically the slot and push the button or even pull the handle. Newcomers will find the particular personal interaction along with dealers or additional players at the particular tables intimidating — slot players prevent that. And besides, the greatest, most lifestyle-changing jackpots in typically the casino are available upon the slots.

The game software giant incorporated a 4-tier progressive goldmine with levels called mega, major, slight, and mini. In order to be eligible for the tiny jackpot – the lowest of the bunch, you must bet at least 1 cent on all twenty-five paylines (a minimal total of $0. 25). When this comes to video slots, these generally include multi-tier accelerating jackpots. Every video clip slot usually provides between 2 plus 12 progressive goldmine levels, and every level provides a established max bet an individual have to help to make in order to be able to be eligible.

What Occurs When You” “Get On A Slot Machine?

Each slot machine features a pay stand that shows just what symbols have to line up for a pay out of varying sums. These are organized with the greatest payouts, known because the jackpot, on top of the tables and subsequent payouts below those. A desk also includes an amount paid relying on the amount of credits a new player puts in the machine. A random number generator, or perhaps RNG, is a computer technology that is definitely used to determine payouts and jackpots. An RNG makes a sequence associated with simulated random amounts to determine exactly where those reels may land, and therefore which payouts” “are distributed to participants. Modern slot equipment have become high-tech machines with advanced online video, sound, graphics, in addition to gameplay.

  • So, you should recognize that playing slot machine machines are extremely basic – which is part of the reason players love these games.
  • Ordinarily, a traditional 3-reel slot will be an ideal opt for for the player who else likes a pared-down game with not any frills and everything perform.
  • For example, if you owned four matching emblems on reels one, two, four, in addition to five, and some sort of wild landed throughout the middle, you’d have a 5 symbol combination.
  • Usually, classic, fruit, 3D, and progressive jackpot slot machines are available from all online casinos.
  • You can typically do this inside the ‘account’ or ‘banking’ section of your own casino.

The scam artists would likely remove the magnetic only when the fishing reels had aligned throughout a winning combo. My top slot machine game machine strategy ideas – you’ll learned about below – consist of 12 do’s and even 6 don’ts that may assist you in answering the top ‘how to succeed at slot machines? Changing the developed payback percentage demands opening the device and replacing a computer chip. Server-based slot machines that will allow casinos in order to change payout proportions remotely, but there are still polices around making these kinds of changes. It’s certainly not unusual to proceed 20 or fifty or more draws without a one payout on a reel-spinning slot, although payouts tend to be more repeated on video video poker machines. Nor would it be unusual for a device to pay again 150 percent or more for many dozen pulls.

What Is Responsible Game Playing And What Makes It Essential?

Given that they are games of chance, playing slots has more to perform with luck as compared to strategy. Even so, there are several strategies you can employ to select some sort of slot machine that may likely pay. As you might have got heard before, a person can’t win large payouts at a intensifying slot if you don’t max the wager. A small section of your bet on a modern slot machine game goes straight into a jackpot or perhaps set of jackpots. The more participants wager on typically the progressive lot the bigger its jackpot gets.

  • Not all machines are made the similar way and programmed with the same RTP or payment percentage.
  • To place a bet on the slot machine, simply insert the coins or currency, select your bet size, and take the lever or perhaps press the rotate button.
  • Alternatively, you can start building up a bankroll by keeping aside small amounts through your savings and after that begin gambling after getting saved enough money for a certain variety of slot machines.
  • Let’s consider a closer look at the sorts of bonus icons you’re more likely to find in a regular online” “slot.

Other accelerating slots are connected within a casino, although some are interconnected across all internet casinos featuring that certain game. For a new genuine casino experience from the coziness of your abode, live dealer games certainly are a must consider. These games, including live blackjack, different roulette games, and baccarat, feature real human retailers who interact along with players via reside video streams. Players can participate in current gameplay, detailed with interpersonal interaction, creating a great immersive and genuine casino atmosphere. They” “come in various themes and give a stimulating blend of gameplay, visuals, plus the possibility for significant winnings. Demo methods are available regarding players to train and even familiarize themselves along with the game with out risking real cash.

Starting In Order To Play Slots

Yes, due to the fact demo versions permit you to test slots, check their particular characteristics, and do not risk your own funds. While wagering, it is essential to control yourself, while emotions often usually tend to get free from control. It is incredibly common when you strike a large reward and lose manage, forgetting about caution as well as the strategy you adhere to. Aside coming from these run-of-the-mill strategies, participate in slot machine tournaments whenever feasible.

  • Understanding design and even mechanics in the sport is essential ahead of spinning the fishing reels.
  • Don’t hesitate in order to ask tough queries; other gamblers are usually willing to out a poor apple.
  • The scam artists would remove the magnet only if the reels had aligned within a winning mixture.
  • Video slots are acknowledged for their advanced graphics and several paylines, which will enhance the chances regarding winning.
  • The paytable also shows the value of every symbol, indicating the amount you win intended for matching different icons on a payline.

When playing video poker machines online, you could decrease or raise your stake by simply clicking on typically the BET/STAKE button. For example, classic on the internet slots based about traditional slot equipment have 3 reels. Three-reel slot games put more importance on their leading jackpots but have got a lesser hit regularity with additional losing spins. If you’re pondering how to win at slots, three-reel position games do offer slot players typically the best possiblity to get big, but additionally the particular best chance in order to lose fast. Every good online gambling establishment will have an array of games to attempt at no cost or true money.

How To Experience Video Poker Machines: The Pokernews Guide

The microprocessors driving today’s machines are set with random-number generation devices that govern winning combinations. Many position players pump money into two or more adjacent devices at a time, although if the casino will be crowded and others are having problems finding places to play, limit yourself to one machine. Select your bets and paylines, and get a theme and bonus feature of which interests you. Online slot software will be governed by the Arbitrary Number Generator, or perhaps RNG. As quickly as you struck the ‘Spin’ key, an algorithm can determine where and if the reels can stop. The process is completely unique, and slot designers have their games examined before they hit the casino industry, along with periodically audited with time.

  • This network impact results in massive jackpots, some of which can become truly life-changing.
  • While learning how in order to play casino slot machine games, there are particular factors that you have to always keep in mind when choosing the proper slot machine game game.
  • Added for the paylines and payout structures, deciphering the bet measurements is likewise crucial, as it can have an effect on both the possible winnings and the particular overall game.
  • You may well also get a feeling whether it’s achievable to win in slot games and even if so how to win in slots.

Now, a new payout and goldmine is determined as quickly as the player hits the switch to spin the particular reels. If you’re purely after massive jackpots, you ought to consider playing the subsequent games. These top rated progressive jackpot slots have paid out many of the greatest online slot jackpots of all time.

Check Also

Bizbet Giriş: Türkiye’de Spor Bahislerine Kolay Başlangıç Rehberi

Türkiye’de spor bahisleri tutkunları için bizbet giriş işlemi, güvenli ve hızlı bir şekilde bahis dünyasına …

© Copyright 2025, All Rights Reserved